Groundbreaking obesity drug helps teens lose weight, study finds

[Nov 5, 2022: Asher Jones, University of Pittsburgh]

A drug called semaglutide, which is approved for adults with obesity or overweight, also helps adolescents shed pounds and have healthier hearts, according to a new study published in the New England Journal of Medicine.

In an international phase 3a clinical trial, adolescents with obesity who received once-weekly semaglutide compared to placebo had a 16.1% decrease in their body mass index (BMI) while the BMI of those who took placebo rose by 0.6%.

“Rates of obesity are increasing, not just in the U.S., but all over the world,” said senior author Silva Arslanian, M.D., professor of pediatrics and clinical and translational science and who holds the Richard L. Day Endowed Chair in Pediatrics at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine.

“Typically, we make lifestyle recommendations: Eat more vegetables; don’t eat fried food; don’t drink soda. But unfortunately, we live in a very obesogenic environment, so it can be very hard to make those changes. There is a real need for safe and effective medications to treat obesity.”

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Semaglutide is an obesity drug that mimics a hormone called glucagon-like peptide-1 to target areas of the brain that decrease appetite and improve control of eating. In 2021, this drug was approved for chronic weight management in adults with obesity or overweight.

To assess whether semaglutide is also effective in youths, researchers enrolled 201 adolescents aged between 12 and 18 years with obesity or overweight across multiple centers. Participants received either once-weekly subcutaneous injections of semaglutide 2.4 mg or placebo, and all received concurrent lifestyle intervention — counseling on healthy nutrition and physical activity — throughout the trial.

After 68 weeks, 72.5% of semaglutide participants had achieved at least 5% weight loss compared to just 17% of those on placebo.

“The results are amazing,” said Arslanian, who is also director of the Pediatric Clinical and Translational Research Center and scientific director of the Center for Pediatric Research in Obesity and Metabolism at Pitt and UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh. “For a person who is 5 foot, 5 inches tall and weighs 240 pounds, the average reduction in BMI equates to shedding about 40 pounds.”

Obesity affects almost one in five children and adolescents worldwide. This chronic disease is linked with decreased life expectancy and higher risk of developing serious health problems such as type 2 diabetes, heart disease, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, sleep apnea and certain cancers. Teenagers with obesity are also more likely to have depression, anxiety, poor self-esteem and other psychological issues.

The analysis showed that semaglutide participants had improvements in cardiovascular risk factors, including waist circumference, a blood sugar metric called HbA1c, total, low-density and very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides and liver enzymes compared with the placebo group. However, there was no statistically significant difference in blood pressure or high-density lipoprotein cholesterol between the two groups.

Participants who took semaglutide also had better weight-related quality of life measures, mostly due to a boost in physical comfort scores, compared with their placebo peers. The researchers note that this is the first obesity drug to be linked with such quality-of-life improvements in adolescents.

People who have obesity, compared to those with a healthy weight, are at increased risk for many serious diseases and health conditions. In addition, obesity and its associated health problems have a significant economic impact on the US health care system. Obesity also affects military readiness.

Obesity in children and adults increases the risk for the following health conditions.

Childhood obesity is also associated with:

Adults with obesity have higher risks for stroke, many types of cancer, premature death, and mental illness such as clinical depression and anxiety.

Annual obesity-related medical care costs in the United States, in 2019 dollars, were estimated to be nearly $173 billion.9 Annual nationwide productivity costs of obesity-related absenteeism range between $3.38 billion ($79 per individual with obesity) and $6.38 billion ($132 per individual with obesity).

Direct medical costs may include preventive, diagnostic, and treatment services. Indirect costs relate to sickness and death and include lost productivity. Productivity measures include employees being absent from work for obesity-related health reasons, decreased productivity while at work, and premature death and disability.

Other authors who contributed to this study were Daniel Weghuber, M.D., of Paracelsus Medical University; Timothy Barrett, Ph.D., of the University of Birmingham; Margarita Barrientos-Pérez, M.D., of Hospital Ángeles Puebla; Inge Gies, Ph.D., of Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel; Dan Hesse, Ph.D., Ole K. Jeppesen, M.Sc., and Rasmus Sørrig, Ph.D., of Novo Nordisk A/S; Aaron S. Kelly, Ph.D., of University of Minnesota Medical School; Lucy D. Mastrandrea, M.D., of University at Buffalo; and other STEP TEENS Investigators.

Note: Materials provided above by University of Pittsburgh. Content may be edited for style and length.

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