Age vs. genetics: Which is more important for determining how we age?
People age differently, including former presidents. Ronald Reagan developed Alzheimer’s disease in his late 80s and died from complications
[Oct 12, 2022: Robert Sanders, University of California - Berkeley]
People age differently, including former presidents. Ronald Reagan developed Alzheimer’s disease in his late 80s and died from complications of the disease at the age of 93. Franklin Roosevelt, shown at 62, died of a brain hemorrhage at the age of 63. Jimmy Carter, shown in 2019 at the age of 95, has suffered from cancer but is now 98 years old and still active. (CREDIT: Creative Commons)
Amid much speculation and research about how our genetics affect the way we age, a University of California, Berkeley, study now shows that individual differences in our DNA matter less as we get older and become prone to diseases of aging, such as diabetes and cancer.
In a study of the relative effects of genetics, aging and the environment on how some 20,000 human genes are expressed, the researchers found that aging and environment are far more important than genetic variation in affecting the expression profiles of many of our genes as we get older. The level at which genes are expressed — that is, ratcheted up or down in activity — determines everything from our hormone levels and metabolism to the mobilization of enzymes that repair the body.
“How do your genetics — what you got from your sperm donor and your egg donor and your evolutionary history — influence who you are, your phenotype, such as your height, your weight, whether or not you have heart disease?” said Peter Sudmant, UC Berkeley assistant professor of integrative biology and a member of the campus’s Center for Computational Biology.
“There's been a huge amount of work done in human genetics to understand how genes are turned on and off by human genetic variation. Our project came about by asking, ‘How is that influenced by an individual's age?’ And the first result we found was that your genetics actually matter less the older you get.”
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In other words, while our individual genetic makeup can help predict gene expression when we are younger, it is less useful in predicting which genes are ramped up or down when we’re older — in this study, older than 55 years. Identical twins, for example, have the same set of genes, but as they age, their gene expression profiles diverge, meaning that twins can age much differently from each other.
The findings have implications for efforts to correlate diseases of aging with genetic variation in humans, Sudmant said. Such studies should perhaps focus less on genetic variants that impact gene expression when pursuing drug targets.
“Almost all human common diseases are diseases of aging: Alzheimer's, cancers, heart disease, diabetes. All of these diseases increase their prevalence with age,” he said. “Massive amounts of public resources have gone into identifying genetic variants that predispose you to these diseases. What our study is showing is that, well, actually, as you get older, genes kind of matter less for your gene expression. And so, perhaps, we need to be mindful of that when we're trying to identify the causes of these diseases of aging.”
a A hypothetical model of the differing power to detect eQTLs in old and young cohorts. b Examples of gene expression binned by genotype and age for four genes in which eQTL p-values differ between old and young individuals in whole blood and heart atrial appendage. Example genes with both positive and negative effects are shown. n = 309 samples for old group in blood, n = 361 samples for young group in blood, n = 202 samples for old group in heart atrial appendage, n = 170 samples for young group in heart atrial appendage. Center line of the boxplot indicates median, box limit indicates first and third quartiles and points indicate outliers. c QQ plots of eQTL p-values (plotted as -log(P)) for old (red) and young (blue) individuals from a linear model correlating expression with the lead SNP for each gene in 27 tissues (Supplementary Data 2). P-values for significant differences in eQTL p-value distributions are obtained from a two-sided Welch's t-test. (CREDIT: Nature)
Sudmant and his colleagues reported their results this week in the journal Nature Communications.
Medawar’s hypothesis
The findings are in line with Medawar’s hypothesis: Genes that are turned on when we are young are more constrained by evolution because they are critical to making sure we survive to reproduce, while genes expressed after we reach reproductive age are under less evolutionary pressure. So, one would expect a lot more variation in how genes are expressed later in life.
“We're all aging in different ways,” Sudmant said. “While young individuals are closer together in terms of gene expression patterns, older individuals are further apart. It’s like a drift through time as gene expression patterns become more and more erratic.”
This study is the first to look at both aging and gene expression across such a wide variety of tissues and individuals, Sudmant said. He and his colleagues built a statistical model to assess the relative roles of genetics and aging in 27 different human tissues from nearly 1,000 individuals and found that the impact of aging varies widely — more than twentyfold — among tissues.
“Across all the tissues in your body, genetics matters about the same amount. It doesn't seem like it plays more of a role in one tissue or another tissue,” he said. “But aging is vastly different between different tissues. In your blood, colon, arteries, esophagus, fat tissue, age plays a much stronger role than your genetics in driving your gene expression patterns.”
Sudmant and colleagues also found that Medawar’s hypothesis does not hold true for all tissues. Surprisingly, in five types of tissues, evolutionary important genes were expressed at higher levels in older individuals.
“From an evolutionary perspective, it is counterintuitive that these genes should be getting turned on, until you take a close look at these tissues,” Sudmant said. These five tissues happen to be the ones that constantly turn over throughout our lifespan and also produce the most cancers. Every time these tissues replace themselves, they risk creating a genetic mutation that can lead to disease.
“I guess this tells us a little bit about the limits of evolution,” he said. “Your blood, for instance, always has to proliferate for you to live, and so these super-conserved, very important genes have to be turned on late in life. This is problematic because it means that those genes are going to be susceptible to getting somatic mutations and getting turned on forever in a bad, cancerous way. So, it kind of gives us a little bit of a perspective on what the limitations of living are like. It puts bounds on our ability to keep living.”
Sudmant noted that the study indirectly indicates the effect on aging of one’s environment, which is the impact of everything other than age and genetics: the air we breathe, the water we drink, the food we eat, but also our levels of physical exercise. Environment amounts to up to a third of gene expression changes with age.
Sudmant is conducting similar analyses of the expressed genes in several other organisms — bats and mice — to see how they differ and whether the differences are related to these animals’ different lifespans.
UC Berkeley graduate students Ryo Yamamoto and Ryan Chung are co-first authors of the paper. Other co-authors are Juan Manuel Vazquez, Huanjie Sheng, Philippa Steinberg and Nilah Ioannidis. The work was supported by the National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R35GM142916) of the National Institutes of Health.
Note: Materials provided above by University of California - Berkeley. Content may be edited for style and length.
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